Establish a patient airway (endotracheal airway), attempt bag-valve ventilation (possible machine malfunction and higher ventilating pressure requirement), and initiate ACLS protocol based on cardiovascular status.

If the etiology of the bronchospasm cannot be immdiately alleviated (e.g. "light" anesthesia, carinal stimulation from the endotracheal tube, etc.) but is rather associated with reactive airway disease (asthma or COPD) and/or anaphy-laxis (-lactoid) reaction epinephrine should be your emergancy medication of choice.

The potent beta-2 effects on the target tissue of the pulmonary smooth muscle, should create a bronchodilating effect. Titration based on an inital dose of 0.01 mg/kg to prevent an exaggerated sympathetic response in patients with poor cardiac reserve is critical.

Lastly: pray.

1. Relaxation (probably too light anaesthesia)
2. Adrenalin i.v. (very effective, esp in children)